tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82590955954854890912024-03-12T20:02:27.855-07:00Meisyafitri SugiartiMeisyafitri Hang Tuah.sbyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12796790598388461904noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8259095595485489091.post-40535093704903960792010-12-25T18:57:00.000-08:002011-01-03T18:00:56.118-08:00FARMAKOLOGI<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.stikeshangtuah-sby.ac.id/">www.stikeshangtuah-sby.ac.id</a> </span></span></div><div style="color: #20124d; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Obat Psikosa / Psikosis</b></span></div></div><br style="color: #20124d;" /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #20124d;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"></span></span></span></div><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nama : Meisyafitri Sugiarti<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NIM : 0910056<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jurusan : S1 Keperawatan (STIKES HANG TUAH SURABAYA)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada wilayah Indonesia banyak Stigma yang melekat pada individu dengan gangguan jiwa merupakan satu hal yang tidak kunjung mengalami perubahan. Individu dengan gangguan jiwa apalagi yang berat seperti skizofrenia (sering juga disebut psikosis) merupakan sasaran stigma yang paling berat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pasien skizofrenia atau terkadang disebut pasien psikosis sering kali luput dari perhatian kita. Data demografik menyatakan, terdapat sekitar 1 persen populasi penduduk dunia yang menderita gangguan jiwa jenis ini, suatu jumlah yang sangat besar dengan populasi manusia dunia saat ini. Sebab berhubungan dengan beban masyarakat dan negara yang ditanggung karena penyakit ini. Dalam masyarakat pasien psikosis sering dianggap sudah tidak punya perasaan lagi dan terkadang dianggap berbahaya. Padahal mereka juga pasien yang sangat membutuhkan perhatian dari dokter dan keluarga serta masyarakat. Seringkali pasien dengan gangguan psikosis menjadi bulan-bulanan masyarakat. Mereka lebih sering disebut masyarakat sebagai orang gila. Stigma yang begitu melekat pada gangguan psikosis adalah mereka berbahaya. Padahal, pasien gangguan psikosis yang mempunyai kecenderungan berperilaku kekerasan hanya sebagian kecil saja yaitu tidak lebih dari satu persen, itu pun biasanya terjadi pada kondisi akut. Apabila dalam perawatan, pasien kebanyakan tenang dan dapat mengendalikan diri. Selain itu kekerasan yang dilakukan pasien merupakan suatu tanda dan gejala dari manifestasi penyakitnya. Tidak seperti penyakit fisik yang mempunyai target organ yang bermanifestasi pada gejala dan tanda fisik yang terdapat pada pasien, gangguan psikosis seperti umumnya gangguan jiwa mempunyai manifestasi tanda dan gejalanya pada perasaan (affective), perilaku (behavior) dan pikiran (cognition). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila dibagi dalam bagian besar, gejala klinis pasien psikosis dapat dibagi menjadi gejala<br />
negatif (menghindari pergaulan sosial, berdiam diri, afek yang tumpul sampai datar, tidak ada semangat untuk beraktivitas) serta gejala positif (gaduh gelisah, waham, halusinasi, bicara kacau). Tak heran, jika orang lain melihat kalau pasien psikosis seringkali berperilaku dan mempunyai<br />
pikiran aneh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hal itu sebenarnya merupakan manifestasi dari penyakitnya sendiri. Banyak pasien psikosis yang dapat kembali menjalani kehidupan normal. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mereka mampu menyelesaikan pendidikannya dan dapat bekerja seperti kebanyakan orang. Sampai saat ini gangguan psikosis tidak diketahui secara pasti penyebabnya. Beberapa ahli mengatakan, adanya suatu hubungan antara sistem dopaminergik di otak dengan penyakit psikosis ini. Hipotesis tentang sistem dopamin ini mengatakan terdapat aktivitas yang berlebihan dari sistem ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Jaras yang dianggap paling berperan terhadap timbulnya gejala terutama waham dan halusinasi adalah jaras mesolimbik, sehingga sampai saat ini pengobatan oleh obat-obat antipsikotik bertujuan untuk menurunkan aktivitas dari sistem yang terlibat ini. Penyakit ini mempunyai beberapa tanda dan gejala, yang paling sering antara lain adalah waham, yaitu suatu keyakinan yang salah yang tidak sesuai dengan latar belakang sosial budaya serta pendidikan pasien, namun dipertahankan oleh pasien dan tidak dapat ditangguhkan. Beberapa pasien psikosis mempunyai keyakinan bahwa ada seseorang atau beberapa orang yang berniat<br />
jahat terhadap pasien. Ada pula pasien yang yakin bahwa ia adalah orang yang istimewa, seperti raja atau nabi dan mempunyai kekuatan yang istimewa juga. Halusinasi, gangguan persepsi ini membuat pasien psikosis dapat melihat sesuatu atau mendengar suara yang tidak ada sumbernya. Halusinasi yang sering terdapat pada pasien adalah halusinasi auditorik (pendengaran). Terkadang juga terdapat<br />
halusinasi penglihatan dan halusinasi perabaan. Siar pikiran, yaitu pasien merasa bahwa pikirannya dapat disiarkan melalui alat-alat bantu elektronik atau merasa pikirannya dapat dibaca oleh orang lain. Terkadang pasien dapat<br />
mengatakan bahwa dirinya dapat berbincang-bincang dengan penyiar televisi maupun radio Beberapa pasien juga mengatakan pikirannya dimasuki oleh pikiran atau kekuatan lain atau ditarik/diambil oleh kekuatan lain<br />
Selain gejala di atas yang merupakan gangguan terhadap isi pikiran dan persepsi pasien, manifestasi gangguan psikosis juga terdapat pada proses pikirnya. Pada beberapa pasien terutama yang akut atau jenis skizofrenia hebefrenik terdapat proses pikir yang sangat kacau atau terdapat asosiasi longgar. Orang awam lebih sering menyebut sebagai pembicaraan yang ngaco atau ngawur. Seringkali terdapat ketidakserasian antara isi pikiran dengan mood yang dapat kita lihat dari<br />
ekspresi pasien saat bercerita tentang keadaan dirinya. Perilaku gaduh gelisah pada pasien psikosis biasanya merupakan reaksi terhadap waham (biasanya waham paranoid) dan halusinasi auditorik yang bersifat memerintah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Psikosa merupakan gangguan jiwa berat yang ditandai dengan waham,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">halusinasi dan kehilangan rasa kenyataan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sense of reality<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> )</span> gangguan jiwa yang serius, yang timbul akibat penyebab organik ataupun emosional<br />
(fungsional) dan yang menunjukkan gangguan kemampuan berpikir, bereaksi secara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">emosional, mengingat, berkomunikasi, menafsirkan kenyataan dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bertindak sesuai kenyataan itu, sehingga kemampuan untuk memenuhi tuntutan hidup sehari-hari sangat terganggu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dan dapat diobati dengan antipsiko</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sis antispikosis merupakan Jenis obat dari <b><i>psikotropik.</i></b> Yang gejala sasarannya pada obat spikosis. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spikotropik ialah obat yang bekerja pada atau mempengaruhi fungsi psikik, kelakuan atau pengalaman (WHO, 1966)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGGOLONGAN OBAT PSIKOTROPIK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat Antispikotika<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derivat Fenotiazin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa dimetilaminopropil <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klorpromazin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Promazin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Triflupromazin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa piperidil<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mepazin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tioridazin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa piperazin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asetofenazin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karfenazin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Flufenazin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perfenazin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proklorperazin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 86.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trifluoperazin tiopropazat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Non fenitiazin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 68.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klorprotiksen <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Butirofenon <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 68.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Haloperidol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antiansietas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Benzodiasepin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 68.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diazepam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 68.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klordeazepoksid<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 68.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">klorazepat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Golongan lain <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat Antidepresi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penghambat mao<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isokarboksazid<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Nialamid<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">fenelzin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa dibenzapein <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Imipramin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Desmetilimipramin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trazodon<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluoksetin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bupropion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nomifensin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mianserin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa lain <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amoksapin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maprotilin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trazodon<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluoksetin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bupropion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nomifensin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mianserin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat Spikotogenik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskalin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dietelamin asam lisergatdan marihuana(ganja)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ANTISPIKOTIKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antipsiko</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tika disebut <b><i>neuroleptika major tranqullizers</i></b> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atau obat penyakiit jiwa adalah Obat-obat yang bekerja terhadap SSP dengan mempengaruhi fungsi-fungsi psikis dan proses-proses mental. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat - obat inu dapat meredakan emosi agresi, dan dan dapat pula mengilangkan mengurangi gangguan jiwa.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ciri khas psikosis : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-waham<br />
-halusinasi<br />
-realita testing (-)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> gangguan pada ketajaman dan kesadaran, ketidakmampuan untuk menghadapi rangsangan luar atau berkonsentrasi, kegelisahan fisik seperti pasien sering kali memperlihatkan gerak-gerik psikomotor – kegiatan motor berulang tanpa arti seperti mengumpat pada seprai atau baju – atau memainkan peranan atau menanggapi gangguan persepsi, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">disorientasi. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Digolongkan dalam keadaan emergency, karena perlu penanganan yang cepat disebabkan hasil dari penanganan tersebut mempengaruhi otaknya. Penyakit sistemik yang menyebabkan delirium : diabetes mellitus, gagal ginjal, stroke <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan Jiwa <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ringkasan singkat dari sejumlah gangguan jiwa terpenting yang berkaitan dengan psikosa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Psikose</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> didefinisikan sebagai<b> </b>gangguan jiwa yang sangat merusak akal budi dan pengertian (insight), timbulnya pandangan yang tidak realities atau bizar (aneh), mempengaruhi kepribadian dan mengurangi berfungsinya penderita. Gejala psikotis mencakup waham (pikiran khayali), halusinasi dan gangguan berfikir formil ( tak dapat berfikir riil), yang sering disebabkan oleh schizofreni. Psikose dapat diobati dengan antipsikotika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neurose, termasuk gangguan jiwa tanpa gejala psikotis. Kepribadian pasien relatif kurang dirusak dan kontak dengan realitas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGGOLONGAN OBAT ANTIPSIKOTIKA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Anti psikotika biasanya dibagi dalam dua kelompok besar, yakni obat typis atau klasik dan obat atypis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antipsikotika klasik,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> terutama efektif mengatasi sintom positif pada umumnya dibagi lagi dalam sejumlah kelompok kimiawi sebagai berikut <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derifat fenotiazin : klorpomazin, levomepromazin, dan triflupromazin (siquil)-thioridasin dan periciazin –perfenazin dan flufenazin –perazin (taxilan), trifluoperazin , proklorperazin (stemetil) dan thietilperasin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derifat thioxanten : klorprotixen (truxual) dan zuklopentixol (cisordinol)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derivat butirofenon : haloperidol, bromperidol, pipamperon, droperidol.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derivat butilpiperidin: pimozida, fluspirilen, dan penfluridol.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antipsikotika atypis <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Obat-obat atypis ini sulpirida, klozapin, risperidon, olanzapin, dan quetiapin (seroquel) bekerja efektif melawan simtom-simtom negatife, yang praktis kebal terhadap obat-obay klasik. Bagi pula efek sampingnya lebih ringan, khususnya gangguan ekstrapiramidal dan dyskinesia tarda.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">erivat fenotiazin</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klorpromazin (largactil)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 32.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KIMIA. Klorpromazin (dimetil-aminopropil)-fenotiazin. <b>Farmakodinamika</b> :CPZ bereferk farmakodinamik sangat luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Susunan saraf pusat</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. CPZ menimbulkan efek sedasi yang yang disertai sikapn acuh terhadap rangsangan dai lingkungan. Pada pemakaina lama dapat timbul toleransi terhadap efek sedasi. CPZ menimbulakan efek menenangkan pada hewan buas. Efek ini jug dimiliki oleh obat lain, misalnya barbiturat, narkotik, meprobanat, atau klordizepoksid. CPZ dapat mengurangi atau mencegah muntah yang disebabkan oleh rangsangan listrik maupun rangsangan obat, dapat mengurangi atau mencegah muntah disebabkan oleh rangsangan pada chemoreseptor trigger zon. Muntah disebabkan oleh kelaianansaluran pencerrnaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Otot rangka. CPZ dapat menimbulakan relaksasi otot skelet yang berada dalam keadaan spastik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek Endokrin</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. CPZ menghambat ovulasi dan menstruasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kardiovaskuler.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> CPZ dapat menimbulakan hipotensi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Farmakokinetik :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya semua fenotiazin diabsorbsi dengan baik bila diberikan per oral maupun parenta. Penyebaran luas kesemua jaringan dengan kadar tertinggi di paru-paru, hati, kelenjar suprarenal dan limpa. Sebagian fenotiazin mengalami hidroksilasi dan konyugasi, sebagian lain diubah menjadi sulfoksin yang kemudian di ekskresi bersama feses.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek samping </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: batas keamanan CPZ cukup lebar, sehingga obat ini cukup aman. Efek samping umumnya merupakan perluasan efek farmakodinamiknya. Gejala idiosinkrasi mungkin timbul, berupa ikerus, dermatitis dan leukopenia. Reaksi ini disertai eosinofilia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikasi</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">psikosis hiperaktif, perlambat progresivitas schizoprenia dini<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rasa takut<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mual dan muntah bersifat sentral (perfenazin >>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">motion sickness</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derivat</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Butirofenon<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Haloperidol<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tenangkan keadaan mania px psikosis yg tdk dpt diberi gol fenotiazin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EPS 80%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">anti psikotik kuat dan efektif utk fase mania peny manik depresif dan skizoprenia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.35pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada SSP : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 99pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.2pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menenangkan dan nidurkan px dg eksitasi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 99pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.2pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">efek sedasi < CPZ<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hambat sistem dopamin dan hipotalamus, hambat</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">à</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">muntah ok apomorfin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada sistem saraf otonom<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan kabur (+)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 99pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hambat reseptor </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada sistem kardiovask dan respirasi : hipotensi, potensiasi dg obat</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">penghambat respirasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PSIKOSA FUNGSIONAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu gangguan Jiwa dengan kehilangan rasa kenyataan (sense of reaIity) terhadap gangguan pada hidup perasaan (afek dan emosi), proses berpikir, psikomotorik. Dan kemauan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Gangguan jiwa yang serius, yang timbul karena penyebab oraganik atau fungsional / emosional. dan menunjukkan gangguan kemampuan berpikir, bereaksi secara emosional mengingat, berkomunikasi, menafsirkan kenyataan, dan bertindak sesuai kenyataan.<br />
Sindariom pola psikotik menurut Menninger<br />
1. Perasaan sedih, bersalah, dan tidak mampu secara mendalam.<br />
2. Keadaan terangsang yang tidak menentu dan pembicaraan dan motorik yang berlebihan.<br />
3. Autisme, isi pikiran yang berwaham, acuh tak acuh terhadap harapan sosial.<br />
4. Preokupasi yang berwaham, disertai kecurigaan, kecenderungan membela diri atau rasa kebesaran<br />
5. Keadaan bingung dengan disorientasi dan halusinasi Skizofrenia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">GEJALA-GEJALA PADA PENDERITA PSIKOSA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala-gejala primer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. 1. Gangguan proses pikir (bx, langkah. dun isi pikiran)<br />
- Asosiasi longgar<br />
- Anti simbolik<br />
- Inkoherensi<br />
- Blocking<br />
- Perseverasi / stereotipi pikiran<br />
- Flight of idea<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Gangguan afek dan emosi<br />
- Emotional blunting<br />
- Parathimi<br />
- Paramimi<br />
- Emosi dan afek serta ekspresi tidak mempunyai satu kesatuan<br />
- Ambivalensi pada afek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Gangguan kemauan<br />
- Lemah kemauan, tidak dapat mengambil keputusan.<br />
- Negativisme<br />
- Ambivalensi kemauan<br />
- Otomatisme : Pada merasa kemauannya dipengaruhi oleh orang lain<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Gejala psikomotor<br />
- Katatonik - Katalepsi<br />
- Stupor - Fleksibi!itas serea<br />
- Mutisme - Command automatism<br />
- Logorea - Ekholalia dan ekhopraxia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala-gejala sekunder<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: #002060;">1. <i>Waham</i></span> : Keyakinan tentang suatu isi pikiran yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan atau tidak cocok dengan inteligensi dan latar belakang budaya.<br />
Waham primer : Tidak logis dan patognomonik<br />
Waharn sekunder : Waham kebesaran, waham kejaran, sindiran, dosa dan lain-lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <i>Halusinasi</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : Pencerapan tanpa ada rangsang apapun pada panca indaria, terjadi secara sadar. Akustik, olfaktorik, gustatorik, dan taktil.<br />
- Terjadi depersonalisasi : Perasaan mengidentifikasi dirinya dengan sebuah meja dan menganggap dirinya sudah tidak ada lagi.<br />
- Otisme : Perasaan kehilangan hubungan dengan dunia luar, seakan-akan hidup dalam dunianya sendiri<br />
Pembagianya :<br />
1. Skizofrenia simplex<br />
- Kedangkalan emosi dan kemunduran kemauan<br />
- Timbul perlahan-lahan<br />
- Mulai menarik diri dari pergaulan à makin mundur dalam pekerjaan pengangguran<br />
2. Skizofrenia hebefrenik<br />
- Permulaan perlahan-lahan<br />
- Timbul pada masa remaja atau antara 15 - 25 th<br />
- Gangguan proses pikir, gangguan kemauan.<br />
- Neologisme, perilaku kekanak-kanakan.<br />
- Waham dan halusinasi banyak sekali<br />
3. Jenis katatonik<br />
Stupor katatonik : Perasaan tidak menunjukkan perhatian sama sekali terhadap lingkunganungan. Emosinya sgt dangkal. Gejala- gejala :<br />
- Mutisme<br />
- Muka tanpa mimik<br />
- Stupor<br />
- Negativisme<br />
Gaduh gelisah katatonik<br />
- Hiperaktivitas motorik<br />
- Perasaan terus berbicara atau bergerak<br />
- Stereotipi dan neologisme<br />
- Berulang-ulang minta dipulangkan dari Rumah Sakit.<br />
4. Jenis paranoid<br />
- Konstan<br />
- Waham primer disertai waham sekunder dan halusinasi<br />
- Gangguan proses pikir. afek, dan emosi<br />
- Sesudah umur 30 th<br />
- Kepribadian skizoid : Mudah tersinggung, menyendiri, suli percaya pada orang lain<br />
5. Episode skizofrenia akut<br />
- Gejala timbul mendadak<br />
- Timbul perasaan seakan-akan dunia luar maupun dirinya berubah<br />
- Prognosa baik<br />
6. Skizofrenia residual<br />
Skizofrenia dengan gejala-gejala primer tetapi tidak jelas gejala- gejala sekunder. Timbul setelah beberapa kali serangan skizofrenia.<br />
7. Skizo-afektif<br />
Gejala-gejala skizofrenia, bersamaan dengan gejala-gejala depresi atau mania. Cenderung sembuh. tetapi rnungkin juga timbul serangan lagi.<br />
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</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SEDIAAN OBAT ANTI PSIKOSIS dan DOSIS ANJURAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(yang beredar di Indonesia menurut IIMS Vol.23-1994)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="-moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; background: none repeat scroll 0% 50% rgb(141, 179, 226); border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -12.6pt; width: 577px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.45pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 22.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama Generik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama Dagang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dosis Anjuran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Chiorpromazine<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Haloporinol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Perphenazine<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluphenazine<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluphenazine-decanoare<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Levomepromazine <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Trifluoperazine<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Thioridazine<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Sulpiride<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Pimozide<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">LARGACTIL (Bp.Poulenc)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">PROMACTIL (Combiphar)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">MEPROSETIL (Meprofarm)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">ETHIBERNAL (Ethica)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">SERENACE (Searle)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">HALDOL (Janssen)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">HALDOLDECANOAS (Janssen)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">TRILAFON (Sohering)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">AVOMIT (kimia farma)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">ANATENSOL (B-M-Squibb)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">MODECATE (B-M-Squibb)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">NOZINAN (Rh-Poulenc)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">STELAZINE (Smith-kline)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">MELLERIL (Sandoz)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">DOGMATIL (Delegrange)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">ORAP ORAP FORTE (Janssen)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap. 25mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">100mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Amp. 25mg/ml<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap. 0,5mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">1,5mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">5mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Liq . 2mg/ml<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Amp. 5mg/ml<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap. 0,5mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">2mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">5mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Amp. 50mg/ml<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap. 2mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">4mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">8mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap. 4mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap. 2,5mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">5mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Vial 25mg/ml<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap. 25mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Amp. 25mg/ml<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap. 1mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">5mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap. 50mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">100mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Cap. 50mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap 200mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Amp. 50mg/ml<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">Tap. 1mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">4mg<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 3.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">150-600mg/h<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">5-15mg/h<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">50mg/2-4minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">12-24mg/h<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">10-15mg/h<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">25 mg/2-4 minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">25-50 mg/h<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">10-15 mg/h<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">150-600 mg/h<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">300-600 mg/h<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">1-4 mg/h<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MEKANISME KERJA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipotesis : sindrom psikosis disebabkan aktivitas neurotransmitter Dopamine yang meningkat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme kerja obat Anti-Psikosis adalah mem-blokade Dopamin pada reseptor pasca sinaptik di otak, khususnya di sistem limbik dan sistem ekstrapiramidal (dopamine receptorantagonis).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FEK SAMPING </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">obat Anti-Psikosis dapat berupa :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedasi dan inhibisi psikomotor <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan otonomik (hipotensi, antikolinergik, mata kabur, tekanan intraokuler meninggi, gangguan irama jantung. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan ekstrapiramidal (distonia akut, akathisia, sindrom parkison : tremor, brakidikinesia, rigiditas).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan endokrin (amenorrhoe, gynaecomastian), metabolic (jaundice) hematologig (agranulocytosis). Biasanya untuk pemakaian jangka panjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Efek samping ini ada yang cepat dapat di toleri oleh pasien, ada yang lambat dan ada yang sampai membutuhkan obat simtomatis untuk meringngankan penderita pasien. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi dalam penggunaan obat anti-psikosis yang ingi dicapai adalah <b><i><span style="color: red;">“optimal response whit minimalside effects”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">efek samping yang irreversible : tardive dyskinesa (gerakan berulang involunter pada : lidah, wajah mulut/rahang dan anggita gerak, dimana pada waktu tidur menghilang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada penggunaan obat anti psikosis jangka panjang secara periodic harus diulakukan pemerikasaan laboraturium: darah rutin dan urine lengkap, fungsi hati, fungsi ginjal untuk diteksi dini perubahan akibat efek samping obat.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CARA PENGGUNAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemilihan Obat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada dasarnya semua obat anti-psikosis mempunyai efek samping primer(efek klinis) yang sama pada dosis ekivalen, perbedaan terutama pada efek. Sekunder (efek samping)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemilihan jenis obat anti-psikosis mempertimbangkan gejala psikosis yang dominan dan efek samping obat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila obat anti-psikosis tidak memberikan respon klinis dalam dosis yang sudah optimal setelah jangka waktu yang memadai, dapat diganti dengan obat anti psikosis yang laindengan dosis ekifalennya, dima profil efek samping belum tentu sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan obat anti-psikosis sebelumnya, jenis obat anti psikosis tertentu yang sudah terbukti efektif dan di tolerir dengan baik efek sampingnya dapat dipilih untuk pemakaian sekarang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaturan Dosis :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Onset efek primer (efek klinis ) : sekitar 2-4 minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Onset efek sekunder (efek samping) : sekitar 2-6 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu paruh : 12-24 jam dosis 1-2x pehari <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dosis pagi dan malam dapat berbeda untuk menguirangi dampak dari efek samping (dosis pagi kecil, dosis malam lebih besar) sehingga tidak begitu menggangu kualitas hidup pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulai dengan dosis awal sesuai dengan dosis anjuran dinaikkan setiap 2-3 sampai mencapai dosis efektif (mulai timbul peredaan sindrom psikosis) dievaluasi setiap 2 minggu dan bila perlu dinaikan dosis optimal, dipertahankan sekita 8-12 minggu (stabilisasi) diturunkan sampai 2 minggu (diselingi drug holiday 1-2hari/minggu) tapering off (dosis diturunkan tiap 2-4minggu)stop</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Referensi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maslim, Rusdi. 1994. Tuntunan praktis penggunaan klinis obat psikotropik. PT PFIZER Indonesia,Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjay Hoan Tan & Raharja kirana. 2008. Obat-obat penting, khasiat penggunaan dan efek-efek samping; edisi ke 5, cetakan pertama. PT Elex media komputind. Gramedia,Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Badan Farmakologi Universitas Kedokteran Indonesia. 1995. Farmakologi dan terapi; edisi 4. Gaya Baru, Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div>Meisyafitri Hang Tuah.sbyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12796790598388461904noreply@blogger.com1